# References

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Nadal, S., Natural Gas Energy Efficiency: Progress and Opportunities, ACEEE Report U1708, July 2017.

# (AGF 2019)

American Gas Foundation, Renewable Sources of Natural Gas: Supply and Emissions Reduction Assessment, December 2019. Available: https://gasfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/AGF-2019-RNG-Study-Full-Report-FINAL-12-18-19.pdf (opens new window). Accessed March 20, 2021.

# (AHRI 2021)

Needley, P. and Peronski, L., Assessment of Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas, Air-Conditioning, Heating, & Refrigeration Institute, January 2021. Available: https://www.ahrinet.org/App_Content/ahri/files/RESEARCH/Technical Results/AHRI-8024_Final Report.pdf (opens new window). Accessed March 23, 2021.

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Apple, Apple commits to be 100 percent carbon neutral for its supply chain and products by 2030, July 21, 2020. Available: https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/07/apple-commits-to-be-100-percent-carbon-neutral-for-its-supply-chain-and-products-by-2030/ (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

# (BNEF 2021)

Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 1H 2021 Hydrogen Market Outlook: A Defining Year Ahead, January 20, 2021.

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BP, BP sets ambition for net zero by 2050, fundamentally changing organisation to deliver, February 12, 2020. Available: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/bernard-looney-announces-new-ambition-for-bp.html (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

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# (EIA 2020a)

EIA, State Electricity Profiles: Data for 2018, re-released March 23, 2020. Available: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/ (opens new window). Accessed January 8, 2021.

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EIA, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), September 15, 2020. Available: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/ (opens new window). Accessed March 20, 2021.

# (EIA 2021)

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# (EPRI 2020)

EPRI, An Introduction to Low-Carbon Fuels, 2020, 3002020041. Available: https://www.epri.com/research/products/000000003002020041 (opens new window). Accessed March 29, 2021.

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EPRI, Powering Decarbonization: Strategies for Net-Zero CO2 Emissions, 2021, 3002020700. Available: https://www.epri.com/research/products/000000003002020700 (opens new window). Accessed March 29, 2021.

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EPRI, Electrification Knowledge Base 4.0. Available: https://ekb.epri.com/ (opens new window). Accessed March 25, 2021.

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Ford, Ford Expand Climate Change Goals, Sets Target to Become Carbon Neutral by 2050: Annual Sustainability Report, June 24, 2020. Available: https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2020/06/24/ford-expands-climate-change-goals.html (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

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Gas for Climate, European Hydrogen Backbone, June 2020. Available: https://gasforclimate2050.eu/sdm_downloads/european-hydrogen-backbone/ (opens new window). Accessed March 21, 2021.

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Della Vigna, M., Stavrinou, Z., Gandolfi, A., Carbonomics: Innovation, Deflation, and Affordable De-carbonization, Goldman Sachs, October 13, 2020. Available: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/carbonomics-innovation-deflation-and-affordable-de-carbonization.html (opens new window). Accessed April 29, 2021.

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# (Hasanbeigi 2019)

Hasanbeigi, A. and Springer, C., Deep Decarbonization Roadmap for the Cement and Concrete Industries in California, Global E­fficiency Intelligence, 2019.

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Hydrogen Council, Hydrogen Scaling Up, November 2017. Available: https://hydrogencouncil.com/en/study-hydrogen-scaling-up/ (opens new window). Accessed January 8, 2021.

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Ianchenko, A., Simonen, K., and Barnes, C., Residential Building Lifespan and Community Turnover, Journal of Architectural Engineering, Volume 26 Issue 3, September 2020.

# (IEA 2019a)

IEA, Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019, March 2019.

# (IEA 2019b)

IEA, The Future of Hydrogen: Seizing today's opportunities, June 2019.

# (IEA 2019c)

IEA, Renewables 2019: Market analysis and forecast from 2019-2024, October 2019.

# (IEA 2019d)

IEA, Perspectives for the Clean Energy Transition: The Critical Role of Buildings, April 2019.

# (IEA 2020a)

IEA, Global Energy Review, Revised Version, July 2020.

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IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives 2020: Special Report on Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage, September 2020.

# (IEA 2020c)

IEA, World Energy Outlook 2020, October 2020.

# (IEA 2020e)

IEA, Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane: Prospects for Organic Growth, March 2020.

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Jones, R. Systems Perspectives on Long Duration Energy Storage. Evolved Energy Research. Presented at the ARPA-E DAYS Workshop.

# (Mayyas 2018)

Mayyas, A. and Mann, M., "Manufacturing Competitiveness: Analysis for Hydrogen Refueling Stations and Electrolyzers," Presented at the DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2018 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting, NREL, June 14, 2018.

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Roelosfsen, O., Somers, K., Speelman, E., and Witteveen, M., Plugging in: What electrification can do for industry, McKinsey & Company, May 28, 2020. Available: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/plugging-in-what-electrification-can-do-for-industry (opens new window). Accessed March 23, 2021.

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McGrath, M., Climate change: China aims for "carbon neutrality" by 2060, BBC. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54256826 (opens new window). Accessed November 18th, 2020.

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Smith, B., Microsoft will be carbon negative by 2030, Microsoft, January 16, 2020. Available: https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/01/16/microsoft-will-be-carbon-negative-by-2030/ (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

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New Climate Institute and Data Driven Envirolab, Navigating the Nuances of Net-Zero Targets, Oct. 2020.

# (New Climate Institute and Climate Analytics 2020)

New Climate Institute and Climate Analytics, Paris Agreement turning point: Wave of net zero targets reduces warming estimate to 2.1°C in 2100, December 2020.

# (NREL 2013)

Melaina, M.W., Antonia, O., and Penev, M., Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2013. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/51995.pdf (opens new window). Accessed March 23, 2021.

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National Renewable Energy Laboratory, H2A: Hydrogen Analysis Production Models. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/h2a-production-models.html (opens new window). Accessed March 21, 2021.

# (oneworld 2020)

oneworld, oneworld member airlines commit to net zero carbon emissions by 2050, September 11, 2020. Available: https://www.oneworld.com/news/2020-09-11-oneworld-member-airlines-commit-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions-by-2050 (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

# (PM of Japan 2020)

Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, The Prime Minister in Action: Global Warming Prevention Headquarters, October 30, 2020. Available: https://japan.kantei.go.jp/99_suga/actions/202010/_00031.html (opens new window). Accessed February 1, 2021.

# (Power Engineering 2020)

Power Engineering International, Utility-scale fuel cell technology to power South Korea's historic cities, September 9, 2020. Available: https://www.powerengineeringint.com/hydrogen/utility-scale-fuel-cell-technology-to-power-south-koreas-historic-cities/#:~:text=South Korea is a leader,stationary fuel cells by 2040 (opens new window). Accessed March 22, 2021.

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Repsol, Repsol will be a net zero emissions company by 2050, December 2, 2019. Available: https://www.repsol.com/en/press-room/press-releases/2019/repsol-will-be-a-net-zero-emissions-company-by-2050.cshtml (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

# (Reuters 2020)

Cha, S. South Korea's Moon Targets Carbon Neutrality by 2050, Reuters, October 28, 2020. Available: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkora-environment-greenewdeal/south-koreas-moon-targets-carbon-neutrality-by-2050-idUSKBN27D1DU (opens new window). Accessed February 1, 2021.

# (Rose 2020)

Rose SK, Bauer N, Popp A, Weyant J, Fujimori S, Havlik P, Wise M, van Vuuren D, 2020. An overview of the Energy Modeling Forum 33rd study: assessing large-scale global bioenergy deployment for managing climate change. Climatic Change 163, 1539–1551. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02945-6 (opens new window). Accessed June 20, 2022.

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Shell, The Energy Future: Shell Scenarios - Sky, 2018. Available: https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/scenarios/shell-scenario-sky.html (opens new window). Accessed January 8, 2021.

# (Shell 2021)

Shell, Our Climate Target. Available: https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/our-climate-target.html (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

# (Total 2020)

Total, Total Adopts a New Climate Ambition to Get to Net Zero by 2050, May 5, 2020. Available: https://www.total.com/media/news/total-adopts-new-climate-ambition-get-net-zero-2050 (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

# (The White House 2021)

Biden, J. Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, January 27, 2021. Available: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/ (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

# (U.S. Census Bureau 2021)

United States Census Bureau, American Housing Survey, (AHS). Available: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html (opens new window). Accessed March 25, 2021.

# (Walmart 2020)

Walmart, Walmart Sets Goal to Become a Regenerative Company, September 21, 2020. Available: https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2020/09/21/walmart-sets-goal-to-become-a-regenerative-company (opens new window). Accessed February 23, 2021.

# (worldsteel 2020a)

worldsteel Association, Steel's Contribution to a Low Carbon Future and Climate Resilient Societies, 2020. Available: https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:7ec64bc1-c51c-439b-84b8-94496686b8c6/Position_paper_climate_2020_vfinal.pdf (opens new window). Accessed January 27, 2021.

# (worldsteel 2020b)

Purvis, A. Blog: Accelerating decarbonization. worldsteel Association. Available: https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/blog/2020/steel-accelerating-decarbonisation.html (opens new window). Accessed January 27, 2021.

# (WRI 2021)

World Resources Institute, Climate Watch: Historical GHG Emissions, 2016 CIAT Data Set. Available: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?end_year=2018&start_year=1990 (opens new window). Accessed March 25, 2021.

Last updated: June 20, 2022